Labor migration: current and perspective challenges for Ukraine
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to analyze the labor resources migration phenomenon from Ukraine in the context of theoretical basics of it generalization and against the background of its evolution and world trends, to identify its specific features, real consequences and possible perspectives regarding the regulation possibility taking into account the specifics of the nature and structure of this phenomenon in this country. The research methodology is formed on the basis of the classic economic theory of migration in combination with the behavioral approach and the interpretation of human as homo oeconomicus. Methods were used in the research process: dialectical, historical and semantic analysis, method of theoretical generalization and scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, monographic, graphic, statistical and analytical. The main findings are related to the detection of the tendency to increase the scale of labor migration from Ukraine even under conditions of pandemic, the identification of threats and harms connected with this phenomenon. Substantiated recommendations for eliminating the threats and harms of international labor migration from Ukraine may have practical applications. The originality of the article is determined by its timeliness and by diversified set of used sources of information, what together forms its value as well.
First published online 28 December 2021
Keyword : international migration, migration, theories, factors, Ukraine, pandemic, perspectives, regulation
How to Cite
Cherevko, H. (2022). Labor migration: current and perspective challenges for Ukraine. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(1), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.16020
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Doeringer, P., & Piore, M. (1971). Internal labor markets and manpower analysis. Lexington.
Drannik, A. (2020). There has never been such a wave of migration. Events of the Week: Results and Facts, 24(471), 7.
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Ivantsyk, M. (2020). The impact of emigration processes on the modern economic situation in Ukraine (1991–2019). Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University, Series History, 1(42), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(42).2020.202431
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Journalist. (2020). Expert: Ukraine will face a new wave of powerful labor migration. https://journalist.today/jekspert-ukrainu-ozhidaet-novaja-volna-moshhnoj-trudovoj-migracii/
Kacperska, E. (2016). International flows of labor. Scientific Journals of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. Economics and Organization of Food Economy, 116, 21–36. https://doi.org/10.22630/EIOGZ.2016.116.43
Kaczmarczyk, P., & Okólski, M. (2005). Migrations of high-class specialists in the context of Poland’s membership in the European Union. Office of the Committee for European Integration, Warsaw.
Kapustianskaya, K. (2020). Prohibited earnings: Ukraine issued an ultimatum to European employers. https://www.segodnya.ua/economics/enews/zapreshchennye-zarabotki-ukraina-vydvinula-ultimatum-evropeyskim-rabotodatelyam-1438462.html
Kaźmierczak, K. (2020). The authorities finally provided data – Poland becomes an immigration state – over 2 million foreigners in the country. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/regiony/polska-regiony/wladze-wreszcie-podaly-dane-polska-stala-sie-panstwem-imigracyjnym-ponad-2-miliony-cudzoziemcow-w-kraju/
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Lewis, W. (1954). Economic development of unlimited supplies of labor. The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 22(2), 139–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
Libanova, E. (2020). Labor migration from Ukraine: The impact of COVID-19. Mirror of the week. https://zn.ua/ukr/SOCIUM/trudova-migraciya-z-ukrayini-vpliv-covid-19-351189_.html
Migration Data Portal. (2019). UN DESA. Retrieved March 26, 2019, from https://migrationdataportal.org/data?cm49=804&focus=profile+&i=flows_abs_emig1&t=2013
Migration Policy Institute. (2019). Migration Information Source. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/country-resource/ukraine
Nestorowicz, J., & Anacka, M. (2019). Mind the gap? Quantifying interlinkages between two traditions in migration literature. International Mi-gration Review, 53(1), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318768557
Olsson, G. (1965). Distance and human interaction. A migration study. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 47(1), 3–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1965.11879282
O’Reilly, K. (2016). Migration theories: A critical overview. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies (pp. 25–33). Routledge.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Tackling the policy challenges of migration: Regulation, integration, develop-ment. Development Centre studies. OECD Publishing.
Piche, V. (2013). Contemporary migration theories as reflected in their founding texts. Population, 68(1), 141–164.
Pieńkowski, J. (2020). The impact of labour migration on the Ukrainian economy (Discussion Paper 123). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Ponzel, M. (2020). The latter will turn off the light: What is the real scale of labor migration from Ukraine to the EU. https://protocol.ua/ru/ostanniy_vimkne_svitlo_yakimi_e_realni_masshtabi_trudovoi_migratsii_z_ukraini_do_es/
Pyrozhok, O., & Kornienko, J. (2018). Personnel hunger: How to stop the outflow of brains and hands from Ukraine. https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2018/03/26/635298/
Radchuk, O. (2018). When will earners return: Pros and cons of labor migration of Ukrainians. https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2018/04/26/kolonka/aleksandr-radchuk/ekonomika/koly-povernutsya-zarobitchany-plyusy-ta-minusy-trudovoyi-mihracziyi-ukrayincziv
Radchuk, O. (2019). Return of labor migrants: What the state is doing wrong. https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2019/10/18/kolonka/aleksandr-radchuk/suspilstvo/povernennya-trudovyx-mihrantiv-ne-tak-robyt-derzhava
Ravenstein, E. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167–235. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181
Slovo i dilo. (2018). To go or stay: How many Ukrainians want to live abroad. https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2018/03/16/infografika/suspilstvo/poyixaty-chy-zalyshytysya-skilky-ukrayincziv-xochut-zhyty-kordonom
Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Basil Blackwell.
State Statistic Service of Ukraine. (2019). Migration movement of the population. SSSU. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/
Strelnikov, O. (2020). People’s movement. The main figures on the emigration of Ukrainians over the past 20 years. https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/events/emigraciya-ukrajinciv-cikavi-fakti-i-cifri-statistika-oon-novini-ukrajini-50067302.html
Todaro, M. (1976). Internal migration in developing countries: A review of theory, evidence, methodology and research priorities. International Labor Office, Geneva.
Trojan, M. (2019a). More and more Ukrainians in higher management positions in Poland. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/coraz-wiecej-ukraincow-na-wyzszych-kierowniczych-stanowiskach-w-polsce/
Trojan, M. (2019b). Personnel service: The potential of Ukrainian immigration is exhausting, its character must be changed from temporary to permanent. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/personnel-service-wyczerpuje-sie-potencjal-ukrainskiej-imigracji-trzeba-zmienic-jej-charakter-z-tymczasowej-na-stala/
Trojan, M. (2020). Not a million but not full 150,000. Vice Premier greatly overestimate the number of Ukrainians leaved the Poland. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/nie-milion-a-niespelna-150-tys-wicepremier-mocno-przeszacowala-liczbe-ukraincow-ktorzy-wyjechali-z-polski/
Tymoshenko, D. (2019). Migration in Ukraine: How large is the problem? https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/donbas-realii--mihracija/29826553.html
Tyshchuk, T. (2018). Great migration: Why no one in Ukraine knows how many of our citizens have gone abroad. https://voxukraine.org/uk/velika-migratsiya-chomu-nihto-v-ukrayini-ne-znaye-skilki-nashih-gromadyan-viyihalo-za-kordon/
Vinokurov, Ya. (2019). Last year, workers transferred $ 14 billion to Ukraine – the World Bank. https://hromadske.ua/posts/minulogo-roku-zarobitchani-perekazali-v-ukrayinu-dollar14-mlrd-svitovij-bank
Yashchenko, L. (2018). Poland and Germany for Ukrainian earners: Working conditions and living standards. https://fakty.com.ua/ua/ukraine/20181224-polshha-ta-nimechchyna-dlya-ukrayinskyj-zarobitchan-umovy-roboty-ta-riven-zhyttya/
Yasinchuk, L. (2020). About productivity, money and insurmountable laziness. Express, 6–13, 2.
Zaha, D., & Luke, M. (2020). The end is not in sight: Labor migration from Ukraine may slow down, but is likely to continue. https://voxukraine.org/uk/kintsya-krayu-ne-vidno-trudova-migratsiya-z-ukrayini-mozhe-spovilnitisya-prote-shvidshe-za-vse-trivatime/
Berdnik, M. (2020). The lion’s share of Ukrainian earners remains abroad. https://www.dw.com/uk/chy-povernutsia-zarobitchany-z-yes-v-ukrainu-cherez-koronavirus/a-52996263
Brzozowski, J. (2011). Economic theories of international migrations. Scientific Journals of the Cracow University of Economics, 855, 55–73.
Cabańska, J. (2018). Economic conditions of population migration in the European Union. In T. Czapiewski & M. Smolaga (Eds.), European studies in Poland (pp. 153–171). Szczecin University.
Constant, A., & Zimmermann, K. (2017). Challenged by migration: Europe’s options (GLO Discussion Paper, 46). http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/abstract/?id=6448
Corbett, J. (2003). Ernest George Ravenstein, The Laws of Migration, 1885. CSISS Classics. https://escholarship.org/content/qt3018p230/qt3018p230.pdf?t=o0wt2w%20&v=lg
de Haas, H., Natter, K., & Vezzoli, S. (2018). Growing restrictiveness or changing selection? The nature and evolution of migration policies. Inter-national Migration Review, 52(2), 324–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12288
Dmytruk, B., & Chudayeva, I. (2018). Emigration processes in Ukraine: Motives, tendencies and effects on the country. Economika ta derzhava, 1, 4–10.
Doeringer, P., & Piore, M. (1971). Internal labor markets and manpower analysis. Lexington.
Drannik, A. (2020). There has never been such a wave of migration. Events of the Week: Results and Facts, 24(471), 7.
Dubrovskyj, V. (2018). U rejtingu najbіdnіshih єvropejs’kih derzhav Ukraїna pomіnjalasja mіscjami z Moldovoju. https://case-ukraine.com.ua/expert-comments/najbidnishi-v-yevropi/
Garmash, V. (2018). 2 million Ukrainians work in Poland and 40 thousand Ukrainian students study. High Castle, 6–12, 8.
Hicks, J. (1932). The theory of wages. Macmillan.
International Monetary Fund. (2019). Ukraine: Request for stand-by arrangement and cancellation of arrangement under the extended fund facili-ty-press release; Staff report and statement by the executive director for Ukraine (Report No 19/3). Washington, D.C.
International Organization for Migration. (2013). Migration in Ukraine: figures and facts. https://migrationdataportal.org/data?cm49=804&focus=profile+&i=flows abs_emig1&t=2013
International Organization for Migration. (2018). World Migration Report 2018. The UN Migration Agency. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/2018
International Organization for Migration. (2020). World Migration Report 2020. The UN Migration Agency. https://issuu.com/unpublications/docs/world_migration_report_2020
Ivahnjuk, I. (2015). Development of migration theory under conditions of globalization. Part 1. The Age of Globalization: A Study of the contem-porary global processes, 1(15), 36–51.
Ivantsyk, M. (2020). The impact of emigration processes on the modern economic situation in Ukraine (1991–2019). Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University, Series History, 1(42), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(42).2020.202431
Janicki, W. (2007). Review of the theory of population migration. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin-Polonia, LXII, 14 Sectio B, 285–304.
Journalist. (2020). Expert: Ukraine will face a new wave of powerful labor migration. https://journalist.today/jekspert-ukrainu-ozhidaet-novaja-volna-moshhnoj-trudovoj-migracii/
Kacperska, E. (2016). International flows of labor. Scientific Journals of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. Economics and Organization of Food Economy, 116, 21–36. https://doi.org/10.22630/EIOGZ.2016.116.43
Kaczmarczyk, P., & Okólski, M. (2005). Migrations of high-class specialists in the context of Poland’s membership in the European Union. Office of the Committee for European Integration, Warsaw.
Kapustianskaya, K. (2020). Prohibited earnings: Ukraine issued an ultimatum to European employers. https://www.segodnya.ua/economics/enews/zapreshchennye-zarabotki-ukraina-vydvinula-ultimatum-evropeyskim-rabotodatelyam-1438462.html
Kaźmierczak, K. (2020). The authorities finally provided data – Poland becomes an immigration state – over 2 million foreigners in the country. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/regiony/polska-regiony/wladze-wreszcie-podaly-dane-polska-stala-sie-panstwem-imigracyjnym-ponad-2-miliony-cudzoziemcow-w-kraju/
Kresy.pl. (2020). About 60% of the work visas issued by the EU are Polish visas issued in Ukraine. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/regiony/ukraina/ambasador-rp-60-wiz-pracowniczych-wydawanych-przez-ue-to-polskie-wizy-wydawane-na-ukrainie
Lewis, W. (1954). Economic development of unlimited supplies of labor. The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 22(2), 139–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
Libanova, E. (2020). Labor migration from Ukraine: The impact of COVID-19. Mirror of the week. https://zn.ua/ukr/SOCIUM/trudova-migraciya-z-ukrayini-vpliv-covid-19-351189_.html
Migration Data Portal. (2019). UN DESA. Retrieved March 26, 2019, from https://migrationdataportal.org/data?cm49=804&focus=profile+&i=flows_abs_emig1&t=2013
Migration Policy Institute. (2019). Migration Information Source. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/country-resource/ukraine
Nestorowicz, J., & Anacka, M. (2019). Mind the gap? Quantifying interlinkages between two traditions in migration literature. International Mi-gration Review, 53(1), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318768557
Olsson, G. (1965). Distance and human interaction. A migration study. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 47(1), 3–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1965.11879282
O’Reilly, K. (2016). Migration theories: A critical overview. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies (pp. 25–33). Routledge.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2011). Tackling the policy challenges of migration: Regulation, integration, develop-ment. Development Centre studies. OECD Publishing.
Piche, V. (2013). Contemporary migration theories as reflected in their founding texts. Population, 68(1), 141–164.
Pieńkowski, J. (2020). The impact of labour migration on the Ukrainian economy (Discussion Paper 123). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Ponzel, M. (2020). The latter will turn off the light: What is the real scale of labor migration from Ukraine to the EU. https://protocol.ua/ru/ostanniy_vimkne_svitlo_yakimi_e_realni_masshtabi_trudovoi_migratsii_z_ukraini_do_es/
Pyrozhok, O., & Kornienko, J. (2018). Personnel hunger: How to stop the outflow of brains and hands from Ukraine. https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2018/03/26/635298/
Radchuk, O. (2018). When will earners return: Pros and cons of labor migration of Ukrainians. https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2018/04/26/kolonka/aleksandr-radchuk/ekonomika/koly-povernutsya-zarobitchany-plyusy-ta-minusy-trudovoyi-mihracziyi-ukrayincziv
Radchuk, O. (2019). Return of labor migrants: What the state is doing wrong. https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2019/10/18/kolonka/aleksandr-radchuk/suspilstvo/povernennya-trudovyx-mihrantiv-ne-tak-robyt-derzhava
Ravenstein, E. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167–235. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181
Slovo i dilo. (2018). To go or stay: How many Ukrainians want to live abroad. https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2018/03/16/infografika/suspilstvo/poyixaty-chy-zalyshytysya-skilky-ukrayincziv-xochut-zhyty-kordonom
Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Basil Blackwell.
State Statistic Service of Ukraine. (2019). Migration movement of the population. SSSU. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/
Strelnikov, O. (2020). People’s movement. The main figures on the emigration of Ukrainians over the past 20 years. https://nv.ua/ukr/ukraine/events/emigraciya-ukrajinciv-cikavi-fakti-i-cifri-statistika-oon-novini-ukrajini-50067302.html
Todaro, M. (1976). Internal migration in developing countries: A review of theory, evidence, methodology and research priorities. International Labor Office, Geneva.
Trojan, M. (2019a). More and more Ukrainians in higher management positions in Poland. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/coraz-wiecej-ukraincow-na-wyzszych-kierowniczych-stanowiskach-w-polsce/
Trojan, M. (2019b). Personnel service: The potential of Ukrainian immigration is exhausting, its character must be changed from temporary to permanent. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/personnel-service-wyczerpuje-sie-potencjal-ukrainskiej-imigracji-trzeba-zmienic-jej-charakter-z-tymczasowej-na-stala/
Trojan, M. (2020). Not a million but not full 150,000. Vice Premier greatly overestimate the number of Ukrainians leaved the Poland. https://kresy.pl/wydarzenia/nie-milion-a-niespelna-150-tys-wicepremier-mocno-przeszacowala-liczbe-ukraincow-ktorzy-wyjechali-z-polski/
Tymoshenko, D. (2019). Migration in Ukraine: How large is the problem? https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/donbas-realii--mihracija/29826553.html
Tyshchuk, T. (2018). Great migration: Why no one in Ukraine knows how many of our citizens have gone abroad. https://voxukraine.org/uk/velika-migratsiya-chomu-nihto-v-ukrayini-ne-znaye-skilki-nashih-gromadyan-viyihalo-za-kordon/
Vinokurov, Ya. (2019). Last year, workers transferred $ 14 billion to Ukraine – the World Bank. https://hromadske.ua/posts/minulogo-roku-zarobitchani-perekazali-v-ukrayinu-dollar14-mlrd-svitovij-bank
Yashchenko, L. (2018). Poland and Germany for Ukrainian earners: Working conditions and living standards. https://fakty.com.ua/ua/ukraine/20181224-polshha-ta-nimechchyna-dlya-ukrayinskyj-zarobitchan-umovy-roboty-ta-riven-zhyttya/
Yasinchuk, L. (2020). About productivity, money and insurmountable laziness. Express, 6–13, 2.
Zaha, D., & Luke, M. (2020). The end is not in sight: Labor migration from Ukraine may slow down, but is likely to continue. https://voxukraine.org/uk/kintsya-krayu-ne-vidno-trudova-migratsiya-z-ukrayini-mozhe-spovilnitisya-prote-shvidshe-za-vse-trivatime/