Share:


How does economic policy uncertainty affect green innovation?

    Xin-Yu Peng Affiliation
    ; Xing-Yun Zou Affiliation
    ; Xin-Xin Zhao Affiliation
    ; Chun-Ping Chang Affiliation

Abstract

This research examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on green innovation by using the panel fixed effects model from 2000 to 2017 for the samples of 31 provinces in China. The general conclusion is that there exists a positive link from EPU to green innovation, and that the impact of EPU varies significantly among different provinces that have diverse levels of marketization and trade openness. Specifically, provinces with higher marketization and degrees of trade openness have witnessed stronger positive effects from EPU on green innovation, whereas the correlation is rather weak in regions with low levels of those two factors. Our findings serve as a research reference for how governments may boost green innovation in the face of increasing EPU.


First published online 25 November 2022

Keyword : economic policy uncertainty, green innovation, marketization, openness, China

How to Cite
Peng, X.-Y., Zou, X.-Y., Zhao, X.-X., & Chang, C.-P. (2023). How does economic policy uncertainty affect green innovation?. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(1), 114–140. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17760
Published in Issue
Jan 20, 2023
Abstract Views
4759
PDF Downloads
2647
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abban, O. J., Wu, J., & Mensah, I. A. (2020). Analysis on the nexus amid CO2 emissions, energy intensity, economic growth, and foreign direct investment in belt and road economies: Does the level of income matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(10), 11387–11402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07685-9

Acemoglu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., & Robinson, J. A. (2019). Democracy does cause growth. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 47–100. https://doi.org/10.1086/700936

Acs, Z. J., Anselin, L., & Varga, A. (2002). Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge. Research Policy, 31(7), 1069–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00184-6

Adedoyin, F. F., & Zakari, A. (2020). Energy consumption, economic expansion, and CO2 emission in the UK: The role of economic policy uncertainty. Science of the Total Environment, 738, 140014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140014

Afesorgbor, S. K. (2019). The impact of economic sanctions on international trade: How do threatened sanctions compare with imposed sanctions? European Journal of Political Economy, 56, 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.06.002

Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Howwit, P. (2005). Competition and innovation: An inverted-U relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), 701–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/120.2.701

Almus, M., & Czarnitzki, D. (2003). The effects of public R&D subsidies on firms’ innovation activities: The case of Eastern Germany. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 21(2), 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500103288618918

Altig, D., Baker, S., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., Davis, S. J., Leather, J., Meyer, B., Mihaylov, E., Mizen, P., Parker, N., Renault, T., Smietanka, P., & Thwaites, G. (2020). Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104274

Anser, M. K., Apergis, N., & Syed, Q. R. (2021). Impact of economic policy uncertainty on CO2 emissions: Evidence from top ten carbon emitter countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(23), 29369–29378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12782-4

Arellano, M., & Bond, S. R. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968

Arin, K. P., Berlemann, M., Koray, F., & Kuhlenkasper, T. (2011). The Taxation-growth-nexus revisited (Research Paper No. 104). Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI).

Atanassov, J., Julio, B., & Leng, T. (2015). The bright side of political uncertainty: The case of R&D. Social Science Electronic Publishing. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2693605

Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2013). Measuring economic policy uncertainty (Chicago Booth Research Paper, No. 13–02). SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2198490

Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024

Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. The American Political Science Review, 89(3), 634–647. https://doi.org/10.2307/2082979

Belloumi, M. (2014). The relationship between trade, FDI and economic growth in Tunisia: An application of the autoregressive distributed lag model. Economic Systems, 38(2), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.09.002

Berrone, P., Fosfuri, A., Gelabert, L., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2013). Necessity as the mother of “green” inventions: Institutional pressures and environmental innovations. Strategic Management Journal, 34(8), 891–909. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2041

Bertuad, A. (2012). Government intervention and urban land markets: The case of China. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 29(4), 335–346.

Bhattacharya, U., Hsu, P. H., Tian, X., & Xu, Y. (2017). What affects innovation more: Policy or policy uncertainty? Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52(5), 1869–1901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109017000540

Bloom, N. (2009). The impact of uncertainty shocks. Econometrica, 77(3), 623–685. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6248

Bloom, N. (2014). Fluctuations in uncertainty. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(2), 153–175. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.153

Bloom, N., Bond, S., & Reenen, J. V. (2007). Uncertainty and investment dynamics. Review of Economics Studies, 74(2), 391–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2007.00426.x

Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8

Bond, S. R., Hoeffler, A., & Temple, J. R. W. (2001). GMM estimation of empirical growth models. Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Papers, 159(1), 99–115.

Brunnermeier, S. B., & Cohen, M. A. (2003). Determinants of environmental innovation in US manufacturing industries. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-0696(02)00058-X

Cai, X. H., & Ru, Y. C. (2016). Does local government infrastructure investment inhibit firm technological innovation? – An empirical study based on data from Chinese manufacturing firms. Journal of Management World, 11, 32–52 (in Chinese).

Chang, C. H. (2011). The influence of corporate environmental ethics on competitive advantage: The mediation role of green innovation. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0914-x

Chen, J., Wang, L., & Li, Y. (2020). Natural resources, urbanization and regional innovation capabilities. Resources Policy, 66, 101643.

Cheng, K. M. (2010). Theoretical mechanism and evidence of the technology innovation facilitated by the urbanization. Science Research Management, 31(2), 26–34.

Chiang, T. C. (2019). Economic policy uncertainty, risk and stock returns: Evidence from G7 stock markets. Finance Research Letters, 29, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.03.018

Christou, C., Cunado, J., Gupta, R., & Hassapis, C. (2017). Economic policy uncertainty and stock market returns in PacificRim countries: Evidence based on a Bayesian panel VAR model. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 40, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2017.03.001

Craney, T. A., & Surles, J. G. (2002). Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Quality Engineering, 14(3), 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1081/QEN-120001878

Cui, X., Wang, C., Liao, J., Fang, Z., & Cheng, F. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty exposure and corporate innovation investment: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 67, 101533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101533

Demir, E., & Ersan, O. (2017). Economic policy uncertainty and cash holdings: Evidence from BRIC countries. Emerging Markets Review, 33, 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2017.08.001

Dong, J., Li, W., Cao, Y., & Fang, J. (2016). How does technology and population progress relate? An empirical study of the last 10,000 years. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 103(4), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.011

Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825

Fang, V. W., Tian, X., & Tice, S. (2014). Does stock liquidity enhance or impede firm innovation? Journal of Finance, 69(5), 2085–2125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12187

Frías, J. A., Kaplan, D. S., & Verhoogen, E. (2012). Exports and within-plant wage distributions: Evidence from Mexico. American Economic Review, 102(3), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.435

Fu, Q., Chen, Y. E., Jang, C. L., & Chang, C. P. (2020). The impact of international sanctions on environmental performance. Science of the Total Environment, 745, 141007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141007

Gardner, W., Mulvey, E. P., & Shaw, E. C. (1995). Regression-analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 392–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.392

Griliches, Z. (1990). Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 28(4), 1661–1707. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2727442

Gu, K., Dong, F., Sun, H., & Zhou, Y. (2021). How economic policy uncertainty processes impact on inclusive green growth in emerging industrialized countries: A case study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 322, 128963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128963

Gu, X. M., Chen, Y. M., & Pan, S. Y. (2018). Economic policy uncertainty and innovation: Evidence from listed companies in China. Economic Research Journal, 53(02), 109–123 (in Chinese).

Guan, J., Xu, H., Huo, D., Hua, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty and corporate innovation: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 67, 101542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101542

Gulen, H., & Ion, M. (2016). Policy uncertainty and corporate investment. Review of Financial Studies, 29(3), 523–564. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv050

Hailemariam, A., Smyth, R., & Zhang, X. (2019). Oil prices and economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from a nonparametric panel data model. Energy Economics, 83, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.06.010

Hall, B. H., & Lerner, J. (2010). The financing of R&D and innovation. In Handbook of the economics of innovation (vol. 1, pp. 609–639). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)01014-2

He, F., Ma, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). How does economic policy uncertainty affect corporate innovation? Evidence from China listed companies. International Review of Economics & Finance, 67, 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.01.006

Hottenrott, H., & Peters, B. (2012). Innovative capability and financing constraints for innovation: More money, more innovation? Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(4), 1126–1142. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00227

Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327

Hu, C. P., Shen, Z. Y., Yu, H. J., & Xu, B. (2021). Uncertainty shocks and monetary policy: Evidence from the troika of China’s economy. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1952088

Hu, H., Chen, D., & Fu, Q. (2022). Does a government response to COVID-19 hurt the stock price of an energy enterprise? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 58(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2021.1911803

Huang, Y., & Luk, P. (2020). Measuring economic policy uncertainty in China. China Economic Review, 59, 101367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101367

Huang, Z., Liao, G., & Li, Z. (2019). Loaning scale and government subsidy for promoting green innovation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 144, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.04.023

Jalles, J. T. (2010). How to measure innovation? New evidence of the technology-growth linkage. Research in Economics, 64(2), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2009.10.007

Jin, P., Peng, C., & Song, M. (2019). Macroeconomic uncertainty, high-level innovation, and urban green development performance in China. China Economic Review, 55, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.02.008

Julio, B., & Yook, Y. (2012). Political uncertainty and corporate investment cycles. Journal of Finance, 67(1), 45–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01707.x

Kayal, A. A. (2016). R&D Intensity: An empirical analysis of its relation to the structure of the manufacturing sector in OECD countries. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 15(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.15.1.61_1

Keller, W. (2010). International trade, foreign direct investment, and technology spillovers. In Handbook of the economics of innovation (vol. 2, pp. 793–829). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)02003-4

Kiviet, J. F. (1995). On bias, inconsistency, and efficiency of various estimators in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 53–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01643-E

Kremer, M. (1993). Population growth and technological change: One million B.C. To 1990. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108 (3), 681–716. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118405

Kulatilaka, N., & Perotti, E. C. (1998). Strategic growth options. Management Science, 44(8), 1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.44.8.1021

Li, B., Lin, A., & Guo, D. (2020). Product heterogeneous effects of economic policy uncertainty on imports: Big data context analysis based on Chinese newspapers. System Engineering – Theory and Practice, 40(6), 1578–1595 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.12011/1000-6788-2020-0439-18

Li, D. Y., Zheng, M., Cao, C. C., Chen, X. H., Ren, S. G., & Huang, M. (2017). The impact of legitimacy pressure and corporate profitability on green innovation: Evidence from China Top 100. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.123

Li, X., Hu, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Environmental regulation, economic policy uncertainty, and green technology innovation. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 23(10), 2975–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02219-4

Li, Z., & Zhong, J. (2020). Impact of economic policy uncertainty shocks on China’s financial conditions. Finance Research Letters, 35, 101303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.101303

Lin, H., Zeng, S. X., Ma, H. Y., Qi, G. Y., & Tam, V. W. Y. (2014). Can political capital drive corporate green innovation? Lessons from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 64, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.046

Liu, J., Luo, F. K., & Wang, J. (2019) Environmental uncertainty and investment in enterprise innovation activities: The moderating effect of government subsidies and integration of industry and finance. Economic Management, 41(08), 21–39 (in Chinese).

Liu, L., & Zhang, T. (2015). Economic policy uncertainty and stock market volatility. Finance Research Letters, 15, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2015.08.009

Liu, L. Y., Zhao, Z. Z., Su, B., Ng, T. S., Zhang, M. M., & Qi, L. (2021). Structural breakpoints in the relationship between outward foreign direct investment and green innovation: An empirical study in China. Energy Economics, 103, 105578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105578

Luo, Y., Salman, M., & Lu, Z. (2021). Heterogeneous impacts of environmental regulations and foreign direct investment on green innovation across different regions in China. Science of the Total Environment, 759, 143744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143744

Mumtaz, H., & Surico, P. (2018). Policy uncertainty and aggregate fluctuations. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 33(3), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2613

Nasreen, S., & Anwar, S. (2014). Causal relationship between trade openness, economic growth and energy consumption: A panel data analysis of Asian countries. Energy Policy, 69, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.02.009

Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7

Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x

Phan, D. H. B., Iyke, B. N., Sharma, S. S., & Affandi, Y. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty and financial stability – Is there a relation? Economic Modelling, 94, 1018–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.02.042

Phan, H. V., Nguyen, N. H., Nguyen, H. T., & Hedge, S. (2019). Policy uncertainty and firm cash holdings. Journal of Business Research, 95, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.001

Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M., Bennett, S. E., Bahmani, S., & Hall, J. H. (2018). Endogenous dynamics between innovation, financial markets, venture capital and economic growth: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 45, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2018.01.002

Qiu, L., Jie, X. W., Wang, Y. N., & Zhao, M. J. (2020). Green product innovation, green dynamic capability, and competitive advantage: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1780

Roh, T., Lee, K., & Yang, J. Y. (2021). How do intellectual property rights and government support drive a firm’s green innovation? The mediating role of open innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128422

Roper, S., Love, J. H., & Bonner, K. (2017). Firms’ knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance. Research Policy, 46(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.10.004

Sharif, A., Aloui, C., & Yarovaya, L. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, oil prices, stock market, geopolitical risk and policy uncertainty nexus in the US economy: Fresh evidence from the wavelet-based approach. International Review of Financial Analysis, 70, 101496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101496

Song, M., Tao, J., & Wang, S. (2015). FDI, technology spillovers and green innovation in China: Analysis based on data envelopment analysis. Annals of Operations Research, 228(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-013-1442-0

Song, M., Wang, S., & Zhang, H. (2020). Could environmental regulation and R&D tax incentives affect green product innovation? Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120849

Su, C. W., Khan, K., Tao, R., & Nicoleta-Claudia, M. (2019a). Does geopolitical risk strengthen or depress oil prices and financial liquidity? Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Energy, 187, 116003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116003

Su, Z., Lu, M., & Yin, L. (2019b). Chinese stock returns and the role of news-based uncertainty. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 55(13), 2949–2969. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1562898

Sun, H., Edziah, B. K., Sun, C., & Kporsu, A. K. (2019). Institutional quality, green innovation and energy efficiency. Energy Policy, 135, 111002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111002

Sun, X. Y., & Zhan, X. (2016). Impact of marketization on regional innovation capacity and its regional differences under perspective of knowledge flow. Technology Economics, 35(01), 36–42 (in Chinese).

Villaverde, J. F., Quintana, P. G., Kuester, K., & Ramírez, J. R. (2015). Fiscal volatility shocks and economic activity. American Economic Review, 105(11), 3352–3384. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121236

Villaverde, J. F., Quintana, P. G., Ramírez, J. R., & Uribe, M. (2011). Risk matters: The real effects of volatility shocks. American Economic Review, 101(6), 2530–2561. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.6.2530

Wang, F., Feng, L. L., Li, J., & Wang, L. (2020). Environmental regulation, tenure length officials, and green innovation of enterprises. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072284

Wang, Q. J., & Wen, J. (2019). Local officials’ turnover and corporate innovation: The path of financing constraints and innovation contribution. Nankai Economic Studies, (03), 198–225 (in Chinese).

Wang, Q. J., Feng, G. F., Chen, Y. E., Wen, J., & Chang, C. P. (2019a). The impacts of government ideology on innovation: What are the main implications? Research Policy, 48(5), 1232–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.009

Wang, X. L., Fan, G., & Hu, L. P. (2019b). China’s provincial market index report, 2018. Social Sciences Literature Press (in Chinese).

Wang, Y., Chen, C. R., & Huang, Y. S. (2014). Economic policy uncertainty and corporate investment: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 26, 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2013.12.008

Wen, J., Deng, P., Zhang, Q., & Chang, C. P. (2021). Is higher government efficiency bringing about higher innovation? Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27(3), 626–655. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14269

Wen, J., Feng, G. F., Chang, C. P., & Feng, Z. Z. (2018). Stock liquidity and enterprise innovation: New evidence from China. The European Journal of Finance, 24(9), 683–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2017.1347573

Wen, J., Hao, Y., Feng, G. F., & Chang, C. P. (2016). Does government ideology influence environmental performance? Evidence based on a new dataset. Economic Systems, 40(2), 232–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.04.001

Wen, J., Zhang, S., & Chang, C. P. (2022). Legal origins and innovation: Global evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121216

Wen, J., Zhao, X. X., Wang, Q. J., & Chang, C. P. (2020). The impact of international sanctions on energy security. Energy & Environment, 32(3), 458–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X20937686

Xu, Y., & Yang, Z. H. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty and green innovation based on the viewpoint of resource endowment. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1986213

Xu, Z. (2020). Economic policy uncertainty, cost of capital, and corporate innovation. Journal of Banking & Finance, 111, 105698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.105698

Yang, C. H., & Lin, H. L. (2012). Openness, absorptive capacity, and regional innovation in China. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 44(2), 333–355. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44182

Yang, H. C., Syarifuddin, F., Chang, C. P., & Wang, H. J. (2022). The impact of exchange rate futures fluctuations on macroeconomy: Evidence from ten trading market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 58(8), 2300–2313. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2021.1976636

You, W., Guo, Y., Zhu, H., & Tang, Y. (2017). Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and industry stock returns in China: Asymmetric effects with quantile regression. Energy Economics, 68, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.007

Yu, J., Shi, X., Guo, D., & Yang, L. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and firm carbon emissions: Evidence using a China provincial EPU index. Energy Economics, 94, 105071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105071

Zeng, W., Li, L., & Huang, Y. (2021). Industrial collaborative agglomeration, marketization, and green innovation: Evidence from China’s provincial panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123598

Zhao, X. X., Zheng, M., & Fu, Q. (2022). How natural disasters affect energy innovation? The perspective of environmental sustainability. Energy Economics, 109, 105992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105992

Zheng, M., Feng, G. F., Jang, C. L., & Chang, C. P. (2021). Terrorism and green innovation in renewable energy. Energy Economics, 104, 105695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105695

Zhu, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, S., & Wang, X. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty, environmental regulation, and green innovation – An empirical study based on Chinese high-tech enterprises. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189503